Advantages and Disadvantages of Intercultural Communication Assignment - 2

Advantages and Disadvantages of Intercultural Communication - Assignment Example Some differences were noted to be variations in interest, beliefs, ambitions, philosophies, and goals. The approach taken by the authors will be analyzed as a step in the right direction, given that most people have failed to take advantage of the benefits that come with effective intercultural communication, only because they do not know the right approaches to take in getting their communications put across properly. Chapter 12 is the part of the book where the authors bring readers close to ways and means by which they can engage in, and ensure effective communication in an intercultural context. This is done by emphasizing areas of competence where people can learn to improve as part of effective intercultural communication. Analyzing the approach to the chapter, it can be said that the authors were very transcending with their discussion because they viewed competence from several perspectives, including social science, interpretive, and critical perspectives. Once this was done, it was possible to feed the reader with information on strategies for achieving effective communication as it pertains to each of these areas of competence. The book turned out to be a very useful source in understanding and appreciating the interaction of context and intercultural communication. From the knowledge developed from the book, it can be said that context refers to the premise and circumstance under which a person makes an analogy, speech or sends a message. Intercultural communication, on the other hand, is a form of communication that is taking place among people from a different cultural background. The relationship that exists between these two is that people from different cultures have different contexts for the same ideas or messages that are put across. Consequently, while communicating, it is important to emphasize and focus on the need to presenting one’s message in a manner that can be understood and interpreted in the very context in which he seeks to communicate.  Ã‚  

Changes in Family Structure in Contemporary Britain

Changes in Family Structure in Contemporary Britain Describe the changes in the family structure since the nineteenth century with reference to appropriate research and the apparent decline of the extended family. Demonstrate knowledge of the diversity of families in contemporary Britain. In order to answer this question it is necessary to address the assumptions regarding the structure of the family pre and post industrialisation, focussing upon the research of historians and social scientists such as Laslett, Anderson, Young and Willmott. Sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) put forth the view that prior to industrialisation families were extended and lived a rural life with democratic gender relations. After industrialisation, society consisted of nuclear families who lived urbanised lives with women financially depended upon men. He describes post-industrial family units as ‘isolated’ as they are not â€Å"part of a wider system of kinship relationships† (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg335). He states that the decline of the extended family was due to industrialisation, as the requirements of skilled labour demanded geographical mobility (Abercrombie et al, 1995). Parsons’ theorizing has since been proven incorrect. The historian Peter Laslett actually found that between 1564 and 1821, only 10 percent of households contained members beyond their immediate family. He states that when couples married it was only a matter of a few years before both their parents died, which implies that there simply not enough members of a family to create an extended unit. He claims â€Å"There is no sign of the large, extended co-residential family group giving way to the small, nuclear, conjugal, household of modern industrial society† (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg338). Michael Anderson’s research also discredits the assumption of the rise of modern nuclear families during industrialisation and the death of the extended family. Anderson conducted an 1851 census of Preston and found that â€Å"23 percent of households contained kin other than the nuclear family† (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg339). He stated that the families worked as a support network with Grandparents looking after siblings whilst both parents worked. It also meant support during periods of ill health or unemployment and it produced a lower share of rent paid. It was what Haralmbos et al describe as a â€Å"mutual aid organisation† (1995, pg339). In the 1950’s, Young and Willmott’s study of Bethnal Green found that two out of three couples lived within three miles of their parents. They also discovered that close ties existed between female members of the family such as mother and daughter, with a â€Å"constant exchange of services such as washing, shopping and babysitting, between female relatives† (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg341). Young and Willmott described many families as â€Å"a combination of families who to some degree form one domestic unit† (Quoted in Haralambos at al, 1995, pg341). During Willmott and Young’s surveys and historical research, they produced three stages of the family based on their findings. The first stage is Pre-industrial, where the family acted as a ‘unit of production’ with everyone working together, in agriculture for example. This unit is similar to that of Parsons’ pre-industrial family, however it does not appear to be extended. This family structure is still seen in modern society, such as within rural farming areas. The second stage is the Early-industrial family which was extended, and acted as a support network similar to the families studied by Anderson. This is also inclusive of Willmott and Young’s Bethnal Green families in the 1950’s. The third stage is the Symmetrical Family, which is nuclear, home centred, with a shared responsibility concerning housework Willmott went on to carry out research in 1980’s London. He found a nuclear family, which is reliant upon kin for support but i s still an independent family unit. This greatly contradicts Parsons’ view of an isolated nuclear family for modern society (Abercrombie et al, 1995, pg304). Robert and Rhona Rapoport however, state their research illustrates how the family structure is still evolving. Twenty percent of families in 1978 were married parents with one main breadwinner. The number of single-parent households has increased from 2.5 percent in 1961 to 10.1 percent in 1992 (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg348). Many factors could contribute to the cause of such a radical change in family structure. Legislation is one factor, as since the 1960’s it is easier to get a divorce, have an abortion, homosexuality is legal and the contraceptive pill is widely available. Women are much more financially independent, which means financial security is not the only reason for marriage. The fact that people are leaving it later to get married and cohabiting for longer periods suggests a higher expectation of marriage. Burgoyne and Clark found examples of couples in this situation in their study of Sheffield. They state that these individuals often view themselves as ‘ pioneers of an alternative lifestyle’ (Quoted in Haralambos at al, 1995, pg347). Returning to the rise of single parenthood, the General Household Survey in 1990 found that their was not only a rise in single mothers who had divorced, but a rise from 16 percent to 34 percent of mothers who had never married (Haralambos at al, 1995, pg348). There are numerous arguments as to why this is the case, Haralmbos et al suggest many by Politicians such as John Selwyn Gummer, Peter Lilley and John Redwood who all stated a concern regarding the welfare state and the possibility of it encouraging single parent families (1995, pg349). To conclude, changes in family structure since the nineteenth century have been subtle. The assumptions that prior to the Industrial Revolution families were large and lived together as one egalitarian unit has been discredited. Even though it is safe to say that modern society consists of mainly nuclear families and single parent families, these units depend on their extended kin network for support, which live in close proximity. Bibliography: Abercrombie, N. and Alan Warde et al. 1995. Contemporary British Society: A New Introduction to Sociology. Second Edition. Cambridge: Polity Press. Haralambos, M. and Martin Holborn et al, 1995. Sociology Themes and Perspectives. Third Edition. London: Collins Educational. McRae, S. 1999. Changing Britain Families and Households. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dreams in The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald Essay -- The Great Ga

A dream is an intangible paradise. In the heavenly world of a dream, all hopes are within reach, and time knows no defined direction. To dream is to believe in the existence of the limitless realm. To dream is to be consumed by the passion and beauty of life, for although a dream may never become a reality, the true substance of a dream is its place in the heart. Jay Gatsby is a dreamer. He believes that the future can return him to his past and to his love, Daisy. Time blocks Gatsby’s dream, for Daisy has made Gatsby a mere memory by marrying Tom Buchanan. Tom and Daisy have minor conflicts with time that parallel Gatsby’s principal struggle with time, yet Gatsby’s dream emerges as the distinguishing factor of his conflict. When challenging the natural course of time, a dream, created by the intricate workings of the mind, and a simple memory of the past cannot be attained with the greatness of their origin. In The Great Gatsby, Gatsby’s destruction and t he death of his undying dream are intensified through the magnification of the conflicts found in the characters of Tom and Daisy Buchanan. By dreaming, Jay Gatsby develops a false world that can never completely capture the grandeur of its original place in time. An attraction exists between Gatsby and the past, for Gatsby’s past holds the source of the dream that molds the individual he becomes. Thus, the beginning of Jay Gatsby is marked by the beginning of his dream when he falls in love with Daisy Fay. "He knew that when he kissed this girl, and forever wed his unutterable visions to her perishable breath, his mind would never romp again like the mind of God" (Fitzgerald 112). From this moment, Gatsby is forever held captive by his dream of Daisy and their love. Imprison... ... York: Twayne, 1963. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953. Lehan, Richard. The Great Gatsby: The Limits of Wonder. Ed. Robert Lecker. Boston: Twayne, 1990. Raleigh, John Henry. "F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby: Legendary Bases and Allegorical Significances." F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Arthur Mizener. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963. 99-103. Steinbrink, Jeffrey. "‘Boats Against the Current’: Morality and the Myth of Renewal in The Great Gatsby." Twentieth-Century Literature 26.2 (Summer 1980): 157-170. Stern, Milton R. The Golden Moment: The Novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1971. â€Å"Thoughts on The Great Gatsby.† Lily In Canada. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 March 2015. http://lilyincanada.wordpress.com/2013/05/15/thoughts-on-the-great-gatsby/

A Remarkable Person Out of Class

A Remarkable Person Out of Class Mr. Lo is a remarkable person because of his engaging personality and his dedication to his job. Mr. Lo is the best supervisor I have ever had. He really cares about students in the cram school not just for the money. Lo is not only a supervisor but also a combination of teacher and friend for students. He always encourages students to study hard not only in class but by sending text messages. Although his cell phone is too old to send messages to everyone at one time he still sends all greeting messages to every student in holidays one by one.Mr. Lo has worked in education institution for decades therefore he knows the common problems that high school students may have. Moreover, he is a wise and reliable man so students are willing to share their personal problems with him. He always gives students useful advice and helps them solve the problems they encounter. One thing that impresses me the most is that Lo gets along with students well no matter h ow good or how poor their grades are. I think he treats some so-called â€Å"bad students† as his own son.He asks some students to live with him on weekends six months before the entering exam for university in order to make them study and motivate them. Besides, he even makes midnight snacks for the students for example fried rice, noodles†¦and so on. To sum up, Mr. Lo is a remarkable person because he does his best to help students with their school work and personal life. Moreover; he cares about all his students and treats them equally. That is to say, he is the best supervisor I have ever had.

The Rights Of The Defendant In The American Criminal Justice System

The criminal justice system enforces criminal statutes through the social and legal institutions in accordance with the prescribed criminal procedure and regulations. It consists of subsystems such as the law enforcement, the judiciary, the public prosecutors and defenders, probation and parole agencies and the corrections department, and the prison institutions (Frase and Weidner, n. d. ). The criminal statutes define crimes and their respective defenses. On the other hand, criminal procedure delineates the â€Å"the stages of the criminal process from arrest through prosecution, sentencing, appeal and release from prison† (Jacobs, 2007).The criminal justice system works both in the federal and state levels. Each has its own set of criminal laws, courts, enforcement agencies and probation systems (Jacobs, 2007). The foundation of criminal procedure is the U. S. Constitution (Jacobs, 2001). Specifically the Bill of Rights is placed in the Constitution to protect the citizens f rom the vast powers of government. It grants fundamental rights and liberties to all those living in the United States (Jacobs, 2001). The defendant in a criminal prosecution is entitled the presumption of innocence.This necessarily means that the burden of proving his guilt beyond reasonable doubt rests upon the prosecution (Jacobs, 2001). The due process clause of the Constitution accorded the defendant a wide array of protections and guarantees such as giving him an opportunity to be heard. The Fifth Amendment ensures that the defendant is not tried twice or more for the same offense and by the same authority. This is the right against double jeopardy (Jacobs, 2001) Moreover, the Constitution protects the defendant by guaranteeing that he does not testify against himself or the right against self incrimination (Jacobs, 2001).The rights enumerated under the Sixth Amendment refer to the codified rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions. The rights of the defendant in criminal prosecution are: â€Å"1) right to a speedy trial; 2) right to a public trial; 3) right to a trial by jury; 4) notice of the accusation; (5) right to confront the opposing witnesses; 6) right to compulsory process for obtaining favorable witnesses; and (7) the assistance of counsel or right to counsel† (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to a speedy trial prevents oppressive incarceration before trial and ensures defense by the accused of his cause.The right to a public trial acts as a safeguard against abuse of judicial power. Moreover, it also assures the accused that he is informed of the charges against him. This is part of due process (Oxford Companion, 2005). The right to confront opposing witnesses refers to the right of the accused to cross examine said witnesses. He is also entitled to subpoena witnesses in his behalf (Oxford Companion, 2005). Finally, the accused is also entitled to be represented by counsel or a lawyer. The Eight Amendment on the other hand proscr ibes excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments (Jacobs, 2001). The rate of crime in the U.S. is quite appalling and this is blamed on the ineffective criminal justice system. The ineffective system is due to the â€Å"adversarial character and its irrational maze of procedural technicalities. † According to Maechling, the trial is characterized by artificiality whereby it is reduced into nothing but a sport game where defense lawyers try to outwit and use technicalities against the prosecution in their tactical defense theories. Frivolous objections and dilatory tactics mar the trial. By reason of this growing recognition, authorities have started to look into the possibility of reform in the criminal justice system.Synopsis of â€Å"Gideon’s Trumpet† The book written by Anthony Lewis was inspired by the actual court case, Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). Clarence Earl Gideon was arrested for a felony in 1961 in Panama City. The felony under Florida law involved the breaking and entering the Bay Harbor pool hall. During trial before the trial court, Gideon requested for the court to appoint a lawyer to handle his defense. The judge denied his request on the ground that state law allows appointment of counsels for indigents for capital offenses and considering that the felony he was being prosecuted for is not one with a capital penalty but a misdemeanor, i.e. petty larceny; he is therefore not entitled to have a counsel appointed for him. Gideon had no choice but to represent himself. Gideon has been previously convicted of four felonies, homeless and destitute. He had only the education of an eighth grader. He conducted his trial and lost. He was sentenced to imprisonment of five years. Subsequently, he applied for a writ of habeas corpus before the state Supreme Court based on the alleged violation of his rights under the federal Constitution. This was denied.He filed his five-page Petition for Certiorari directed at the Supreme Court of Florida requesting for the Court to take cognizance of his case. He also filed an application to litigate in forma pauperis. His main argument was that his â€Å"conviction violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. † He claimed that when he was deprived the right to counsel during a trial for a felony, it was tantamount to depriving him his right to due process of the law. The Supreme Court of U. S. granted Gideon’s petition and the judgment of conviction was reversed and remanded to the Supreme Court of Florida.In so doing, the ruling in the case of Betts v. Brady and Progeny was overturned. In the Betts case, Court ruled that â€Å"the appointment of counsel is not a fundamental right essential to a fair trial† [316 U. S. 455 (1942)]. It laid down the principle that the right to be represented by counsel is not necessary in state cases involving non capital offenses except in special circumstances. In Gideon, the Court i n abandoning the Betts reasoning ruled that the right to assistance of counsel is imperative, basic and fundamental and the Fourteenth Amendment requires that the same be available and applicable in state courts.Synopsis of â€Å"The Onion Field† This book was written by Joseph Wambaugh. The novel is about the two felony car officers who patrolled the side streets of Hollywood and Sunset Boulevard. Ian Campbell was breaking in Karl Hettinger, who was newly assigned to felony cars. In the evening of March 9, 1963, both were patrolling and noticed a suspicious 1946 Ford. Both decided to check it out. The two men in the Ford were responsible for the robberies in the area. Powell exited the car and poked a gun at Campbell while Smith exited the passenger side.Hettinger was asked to hand his gun to Smith and both cops were forced to get in the Ford. Campbell at gunpoint drove the Ford while Hettinger laid flat on the floor of the backseat. They were assured that they would be rele ased when they get to the remote area so that it would take time for them to get help. After driving for sometime, they stopped and both were asked to get out of the car. Powell fired at Campbell and hit him in his mouth. Hettinger ran to the field while he heard four more shots. Both culprits were apprehended and went through custodial investigation. Both pointed to each other as to who shot Campbell.After many years of dilatory motions, appeals and lengthy trials, both were found guilty and sentenced to death in 1967. Since death penalty was abolished in the early 1970s, their sentences were commuted to life. Discussion and Analysis The main theme of Gideon’s is that society must protect a person charged with an offense. The rights and liberties afforded to him by the law and the Constitution must be strictly observed and enforced. The accused must be presumed innocent until proven guilty and he must be afforded the right to have counsel because this is part of the right to due process.The study of law requires knowledge, skill and experience in trial proceedings. Even an educated and intelligent man who is not properly educated and trained in law is considered incompetent and unable to defend himself. Courts are created to punish and deprive the guilty of their liberties through imprisonment and other imposable penalties. Thus, it is imperative that if a person is charged with an offense in court he must be able to put a defense and be heard by a properly trained counsel. To deprive him of this would be tantamount to depriving him of due process and would render nugatory the basic tenets of the Bill of Rights.A person charged of an offense would need the expertise of a counsel so that he does not risk himself of being convicted even if he be innocent simply because he does not know how to establish his innocence. More so an uneducated man, a feeble minded person or an indigent. Consequently, it becomes the duty of the court to appoint counsel so that such person may not be denied due process of law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The central theme in â€Å"The Onion Field† is that the defendants brought to trial are guilty already.It also justifies the use of deadly force by the police to achieve their ends so that it can serve to prevent crime. It also portrays the weakness of the legal system when it can be manipulated to prolong and lengthen the trial by legal tactics and dilatory measures by the defense which further victimized the cop who survived the crime—Hettinger. He was asked to relive and testify over and over again the details of the incident. The courts have been overly protective of the rights of the defendants that it defeats the very ends of a peaceful and safer society. Similarly, there are two models of criminal law that are subject of heated debates.Central to this controversy is rooted from the goals of the criminal justice system; firstly, the need to enforce and implement the laws to maintain peace and social order and secondly, the need to protect people from being victims of injustice. The first goal is the crime control model, as developed by Herbert Packer in 1960s while the second is the due process model (Schmalleger, 1999). The crime control model has placed its priority upon arrest, prosecution and conviction of criminals. This model supports and justifies all acts of the police and prosecution on an all out war against crime.This includes profiling, sting operations, patrolling areas that are high risk and the like. It entails aggressive identification, pursuit, isolation and prosecution of the criminals. This model allows collateral damage or acceptable losses even if this be a human life (Perron, n. d. ). For instance, a 75-year old minister was handcuffed during a raid on drugs. He suffered and died of a heart attack. Later it turned out that the informant gave a wrong apartment number. The minister is considered a collateral damage in the war aga inst drugs (Perron, n. d. ).Moreover, the crime control model assumes the defendant is already guilty even before trial. In the book, ‘The Onion Field’ the investigating police officers already assumed that Powell and Smith are guilty of the crimes for which they were being investigated even before their trial. This can be seen from Smith’s apprehension when he was thrown to the floor of his bedroom and shouted at by the apprehending officers as a cop-killer. Due to countless motions and re-trials, Hettinger was made to relive and recount his ordeal. He was on moral trial by his colleagues.He resigned and got involved in petty thefts and was never the same again. Hettinger was the collateral damage. The Due Process Model focuses on protecting the rights and liberties of the defendant in criminal prosecutions. Perron, a certified criminal investigator claims that â€Å"the due process model demands a careful and informed consideration of the facts of each individ ual case. According to this model, law enforcement agents must recognize the rights of suspects during arrest, questioning, and handling. In addition, constitutional guarantees must be considered by judges and prosecutors during trials.The primary mission of the due process model is to protect innocent people from wrongful conviction. † This model is guided by the principle that it is better to release guilty persons than to prosecute and incarcerate an innocent person. It recognizes the innocence of the accused before conviction and therefore prescribes as an imperative the observance and respect to the rights of persons during criminal prosecutions. It protects the rights of an individual first and foremost since the rights of one represent the rights of the many (Perron, n. d. ).The book, â€Å"Gideon’s Trumpet† may illustrate the due process model. The case was heard at the time when the Betts principle was controlling. This means that the accused can only be appointed a counsel in case where he is charged with a capital offense. The Supreme Court overturned this dictum and laid down a principle that indigent defendants in all criminal prosecutions must be given the right to assisted by counsel otherwise this will be a denial of his right to due process. Gideon’s upholds the rights of the accused in criminal prosecutions and considers him innocent until proven guilty.To a certain extent, the book ‘The Onion Field’ illustrates also a due process model principle in that the numerous trials and hearings manifested a system that allowed due process or the right of the accused to be heard and present his own evidence during trial. For the law enforcement, the due process model only frustrates and delays the elimination of crime in the society. It is claimed that observance of the rights of the accused only lengthens the process of putting the criminal behind bars. It protects the guilty at the expense of innocent individu als.On the other hand, advocates of due process model believe that crime control model is prone to commit errors that result consequently in the conviction of the innocent. They believe that it is too harsh and believes in the philosophy of a police state (Perron, n. d. ). Conclusion These two models are susceptible to being reconciled and rationalized. As proposed by a noted criminologist Frank Scmalleger in his book, Criminal Justice Today claimed that the American criminal justice system works as a ‘crime control through due process. ’ According to him, this new model balances the different strengths and weaknesses of the previous two models.It harnesses the strong points of each model and avoids their respective pitfalls. This means that law enforcement strategies to control crime and apprehend criminals can continue under the philosophy of still brining the defendant to court for prosecution. Although evidence may be gathered as to prove factual guilt still the jud iciary is left with the role of establishing legal guilt. The greatest challenge that is facing the criminal justice system is finding balance between the rights of the defendant in criminal prosecutions and the interest of the people in the society to impose punishment on the guilty.As between the crime control model and the due process model, I would prefer to live in the due process model of criminal justice. The United States symbolizes stability and democracy and its Constitution as the bedrock of society. Advocating crime control model would mean the higher risk of violations of civil liberties guaranteed by the Constitution and the principles embodied in the Declaration of Independence of our forefathers. All men are created equal with unalienable rights in seeking life, liberty and happiness. By leaving to the power and discretion of the police and law enforcement, the prerogative to adjudge guilt i.e. factual guilt would mean leaving the decision to curtailing freedom and l iberties in the hands of men who are not properly trained to seek legal guilt. It would also mean that rules in determining factual guilt may be relative and subjective unlike if this was determined in accordance with laws and judicial pronouncements based on jurisprudence and sound judicial principles. In order to keep order and peace in a society, laws are to be observed with uniformity and with a clear and informed consideration of the facts before one is convicted.The due process model makes use of an objective and just standards of determination of guilt or innocence rather than one that may be subjective and error prone. References Frase, R. and Weidner, R. â€Å"Criminal justice system – structural and theoretical components of criminal justice systems, the systems in operation, the importance of viewing criminal justice as a system. † American Law and Legal Information web site Crime and Justice vol. 1. Retrieved on November 19, 2007, from http://law. jrank. or g/pages/858/Criminal-Justice-System. html. Jacobs, J.â€Å"Criminal justice in the United States: A primer,† American Studies Journal, 2007 Special Edition, No. 49. Retrieved on November 19, 2007, from http://asjournal. zusas. uni-halle. de/76. html. Jacobs, J. , â€Å"Issues of Democracy,† 2001. Retrieved on November 9, 2007, from http://usinfo. state. gov/journals/itdhr/0701/ijde/jacobs. htm. Lewis, A. , Gideon’s Trumpet, (New York: Random House, Inc. , 1964. Maechling, Jr. , C. , â€Å"The crisis of an American criminal justice† 1996. Retrieved on November 20, 2007, from http://www. cosmos-club. org/web/journals/1996/maechling.html Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, â€Å"Sixth Amendment† (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Peak, K. , Justice Administration, third edition 2001, Prentice Hall. Perron, B. ‘The crime control and due process models’ The Criminal Defense Training Council. Retrieved on Novemb er 21, 2007, from http://www. defenseinvestigator. com/article10. html#_ftnref4 Schmalleger, F. , Criminal Justice Today, fifth edition, Prentice Hall 1999. Wambaugh, F. , The Onion Field, London: Quercus 21 Bloomsbury Square, 2007 edition.

Suicide - Signs and Preventions essays

Suicide - Signs and Preventions essays One of the top causes of death in the United States today is suicide. The number of people who commit suicide each year is rapidly increasing, especially among teenagers. To help prevent this number from growing, it is important for us to know some of the warning signs of suicide, some myths and actual facts, and what you can do to help others and yourself from committing suicide. Many people who commit suicide often send out a lot of warning signals that are usually left undetected until it is too late. That is why it is extremely important to know what some of these signals are when preventing a person from committing suicide. Many people who may commit suicide start off with the signs of depression, such as feeling lonely, and like no one understands them or even cares about them. A person may even feel like they are not worth anything. Another sign could be if the person start to eat a lot more than normal, and gains a lot of weight, or vice versa, where they stop eating and lose a noticeable amount of weight. Also, suicidal persons may have problems sleeping, and may sleep either too much, or not enough. One major sign that a person could be planning to attempt suicide is a sudden change in personality, a normally social person all of a sudden becomes anti-social, or a normally shy person becomes extremely social. This could also include them losing interest in things that they normally used to enjoy doing, or suddenly become extremely active. Also, even though a person that was recently seriously depressed may look happy, they may not be, but are instead happy because they have decided to kill himself. If someone has just gone through a major life change, where they suffered a lot, such as death of someone close to them, or a divorce, they are more likely to kill himself. Many teenagers, who are planning suicide often do life-risking things casually. They may even talk about suicide and death a lot. One of the reasons that we...

Building J at Monte Alban at the Zapotec Site

Building J at Monte Alban at the Zapotec Site The mysteriously-shaped Building J at the Zapotec site of Monte Albn in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, has been thought to have been built for astronomical and ritual purposes. Building J was likely first built about 1AD, with three main phases of construction, the most recent one between about AD 500-700. Architectural Design The building has a roughly pentagonal outline and it is skewed 45% in orientation from the remainder of the buildings at the site by many degrees. The building is oddly shaped, and its shape been variously described as a baseball diamond, home plate, or arrowhead. Low relief carvings on the building include a crossed-sticks glyph, thought to represent astronomical symbols. In addition to its remarkable exterior outline, it has a horizontal tunnel cut through it, and an outer staircase thats skewed another few degrees from the direction of the door. Orientation and the Star Capella Building Js architectural orientation is thought by researchers to point to the location of the star Capella. Capella is indicated by the orientation point of the building on May 2, when the sun reaches its zenith and passes directly overhead. Also Known  As:  Monticulo  J Sources There are more ancient observatories to read about; and more about Monte Alban and the Zapotecs as well. Aveni, Anthony. 2001. Building J at Monte Alban. pp 262-272 in Skywatchers: A Revised and Updated Version of Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. University of Texas Press, Austin. Peeler, Damon E. and Marcus Winter 1995 Building J at Monte Alban: A correction and reassessment of the astronomical hypothesis. Latin American Antiquity 6(4):362-369.

Explanation of Indirect Objects for ESL Learners

Explanation of Indirect Objects for ESL Learners Indirect objects are persons or things who receive the benefits of an action. In other words, when somebody does something for someone or something the person or thing it is done for is the indirect object. For example: Tom gave me the book.Melissa bought Tim some chocolate. In the first sentence, the direct object book was given to me, the indirect object. In other words, I received the benefit. In the second sentence, Tim received the direct object chocolate. Notice that the indirect object is placed before the direct object. Indirect Objects Answer Questions Indirect objects answer the questions to whom, to what, for whom or for what. For example: Susan offered Fred some good advice. To whom was advice (direct object in a sentence) offered? - Fred (indirect object) The teacher teaches the students science in the morning. For whom is science (direct object in a sentence) taught? - the students (indirect object) Nouns as Indirect Objects Indirect objects can be nouns (things, objects, people, etc.). Generally, however, indirect objects are usually people or groups of people. This is because indirect objects (people) receive the benefit of some action. For example: I read Peter the report. Peter is the indirect object and the report (what I read) is the direct object. Mary showed Alice her house. Alice is the indirect object and the house (what she showed) is the direct object. Pronouns as Indirect Objects Pronouns can be used as indirect objects. Its important to note that pronouns used as indirect objects must take the object pronoun form. Object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, you, and them. For example: Greg told me the story. Me is the indirect object and the story (what Greg told) is the direct object. The boss lent them the start-up investment. Them is the indirect object and the start-up investment (what the boss lent) is the direct object. Noun Phrases as Indirect Objects Noun phrases (a descriptive phrase ending in a noun: a beautiful vase, an interested, wise, old professor) can also be used as indirect objects. For example: The composer wrote the dedicated, poor singers a song to perform. the dedicated, poor singers are the indirect object (noun phrase form), while a song (what the composer wrote) is the direct object. Relative Clauses as Indirect Objects Relative clauses which define an object can also function as indirect objects. For example: Peter promised the man, who had been waiting for an hour, the next tour of the building. In this case, the man is defined by the relative clause who had been waiting for an hour both of these make up the indirect object. The next tour of the building (what Peter promises) is the direct object.

Monsanto Company the Coming Age of Bio-technology Case Study

Monsanto Company the Coming Age of Bio-technology - Case Study Example From this essay it is clear that growing to become the third largest chemical firm in the U.S, and the 145th largest industrial organization, the success of Monsanto has presented a convincing long-term benefit for the company`s shareholders. However, according to the study, the firm faces a combination of issues, comprising the lack of a patent ahead of 2000, for its key product, Roundup. The company also needed to acquire the value generated by its biotechnology research that attracted an investment of $300 million within10 years. Moreover, and on a long-term approach, Monsanto had to settle on where to center its research and development regarding its farm level or industrial, and food products.This paper highlights that  the management of the production of glyphosate and developing supply chains relationship would empower the image of the business and acceptance of its products heavily. The firm managed to embrace the best scheme of action before the time limit that was to mark et assertively similar products, and glyphosate into the market before the patent expiration. Also, by acquiring a high grip of the Roundup before the end of the patent, the firm would raise royalty fees, and the company will be able to balance the slight market share losses that could be incurred due to potential rival substitute products.  Ã‚  The firm was also making a significant stride by selling its products outside the U.S. Where it has proven massive sales. A positive initiative will better place Monsanto to govern the Asian market.

Historical accuracies and inaccuracies of the William Wallace From the Essay

Historical accuracies and inaccuracies of the William Wallace From the movie Braveheart - Essay Example The movie portrays the life of William Wallace. The film premiered in July 1995 and became a spontaneous Box office success. As a film, the developers of the film employed specific film production techniques in order to earn it the reception it acquired soon after its release (Brown, 2007). The film portrayed the Scottish warrior in different perspectives often omitting some fundamental features of his life in an attempt of earning the film an appropriate adaptation. As a brave Scottish warrior, William Wallace led the scots against their first war of independence against the oppressive King Edward the first. The producers set the film in an early Scottish society, it is 1920 and King Edward the first invades Scotland soon after the death of Alexandra the third of Scotland. In the invasion, Wallace witnesses the Longshanks commit atrocities in the inversion. He survives the murder to his mother father and brothers and therefore travels to Rome with the help of his uncle Argyle. After several years, Wallace returns to Scotland as a young man and immediately falls in love with his childhood friend, Murron MacClannough. However, the society is different following the application of King Edward’s selfish legislations (McArthur, 2003). Among the most controversial of the legislations is that granting the English Lord the authority to have sexual relations with all the women in the kingdom on the eve of their wedding night. In oorder to avoid the king sleeping with his fiancee, Wallace and Murron marry in secrecy. Later, Wallace rescues Murron from eminent rape by English soldiers. The soldiers arrest and execute Murron in public. In a revenge attack, Wallace attacks and kills English soldiers. The following is a series of conflicts between Wallace and the English authorities as Edward orders his son Edward the second to use every means possible to stop Wallace. Even in death, Wallace maintains a bold personality and refuses to beg for mercy from the English a uthorities. While facing a public execution, the magistrate pleads with Wallace to beg for mercy from the government and therefore have a quick and painless life. Instead of begging for his life, Wallace shouts freedom to the jubilation of the Scottish people who view him as a hero. As the film ends, a setting in the 1934 Scotland, Robert who is now the king of Scotland leads his army into a fight against the English in the memory of Wallace. The war finds the English unprepared and the scots earn their first freedom from the English rule. The developers of the film employ various film production features including both the setting and the plot in order to earn the story relevance from its contemporary audience. In doing this, the developers either omitted or added specific details to both the characters and the actions. In doing so, the producers foster some accuracies and inaccuracies about Wallace’s life and the society in which he lived. Key among the lacking details in t he film is his background. The producers of the film provide a brief recap of his childhood. The film begins with the English inversion of Scotland with the young Wallace witnessing the murder of his parents and the atrocities the English lord commits. Such are scanty details that do not help build an effective understanding of the legendary Sir William Wallace. However, the scanty details are in line with the information known about his family, Wallace came from a less noble family. Historians do not provide a detailed information about his family. Blind Harry in his poem posits that Wallace’s father was known as Sir Malcom of Elderslie. The discovery of a letter written by Wallace himself and contained his seal provides Wallace’

Turnover Calculations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Turnover Calculations - Essay Example It also informs the HR professionals that turnover can be a good aspect at times when it applies to non-performing employees since the important thing is employee productivity. Such data also helps HR professionals and their respective organizations to realize that employee turnover brings with it other related costs which include separation costs, vacancy costs, replacement costs, training costs, and indirect costs. In reducing employee turnover rates, HR professionals need to employee effective employee retention practices. Retention is not about offering the best salary packages to employees. One effective retention strategy is the building of positive work relationships within an organization. These include relationships between employees and the organization’s management, as well as relations between the employees themselves. The management includes the supervisors, managers, top-level managers, and the management board. Each of these levels of management has to ensure that they build a cohesive workplace where each worker feels part of the organization. For example, a supervisor can build positive work relationships by being nondiscriminatory and fair, allowing work-family balancing, enabling work flexibility, and providing feedback that appreciates a worker’s performance and efforts. This can create a positive work environment that in turn aids

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study Example S G Cowen already has with them associates who had joined the firm as interns when they were in their first or second year in a business school. These associates had joined the firm in the break between their first and second years in their business schools and were offered full time employment as they completed their internship that started the following summer. Some other associates had never been to a business school but had served as interns in the firm for three years and were promoted as first year associates after they completed their internship. Very often officials of S G Cowen conduct ‘informational interviews’ prior to the actual formal process to gauge the level of seriousness and intent of the prospective candidates. Though this is essentially an informal process it helps the firm to focus on serious candidates and thus reduces unnecessary efforts on those that are genuinely not interested and have appeared just for the sake of appearing. It must be mentione d that prospective candidates have to appear for these informal interviews at their own expense thus automatically segregating those that were seriously interested from those that are rather casual about the whole process. S G Cowen also appointed ‘group captains’ or contact persons at every core business school to ensure students always had someone through whom they would be able to remain in constant contact with the firm. These contact persons are seldom ever from human resource department. Rather, they are professional investment bankers with long years of service with the firm. These people served the twin purposes of locating best possible candidates who would be able to seamlessly merge with the company and also attracting students who though interested in investment banking but are not quite sure as to which firm they would join. So, a contact person available whenever needed would surely be a great motivating factor. S G Cowen also initially concentrated only o n the top ten business schools. That resulted in often recruiting middle rankers in those schools. So they decided to go to other business schools too where they were able to recruit toppers of those schools. After all a business firm is interested in talent and should not be that much bothered about where they had studied. The company prefaced their recruitment process with a presentation where they clarified who they were, what they did and what distinguished them from other competing recruiters. All the while the company underscored the uniqueness of boutique bankers in that they had a flatter hierarchy than other large scale banks that not only permitted better exposure and interaction with clients but also better opportunities of career advancement. The firm conducts interviews based on both the resumes it has shortlisted and also holds an open session where students enrolled depending on their interest. This also allows them to have a larger pool of prospective candidates and hence the probability of getting better associates. What is your evaluation of the criteria used by this organization in

Overview to the Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overview to the Markets - Essay Example This paper is a critical evaluation of their trading background, investment style, performance and viewpoints about the stock markets. Market Approach- Philosophy, Methodology and Management Style Larry Williams began to follow markets in 1962 after the Kennedy market crash, realizing that he could have taken the advantage of the crash by taking short position. He has been known as one of the best short-term traders who also had a passion for writing, evident in his published books such as ‘How to Prosper in the Coming Good Years’ and ‘The Secret of Selecting Stocks’(Ireallytrade-a, 2011). He mostly trades in commodities and derivatives and chooses his assets based on their technicals. He has provided various indicators such as Ultimate Oscillator, value measurements and William %R for commodity prices. William %R is a standard momentum indicator and still provided by many websites such MSDN Microsoft and Yahoo Finance (figure 1). In his books titled ‘ Long-term Secrets to Short-term Trading’ and ‘how I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’, Larry Williams has given his insights in commodity trading. In 1987, he won Futures trading World Cup Championship sponsored by Robbins Trading Company but many people considered his winning to be controversial (Strupp, 1999). In 1989 National Futures Association complained that Larry Williams had engaged himself in misleading advertising and lied about his investment record. He was then allowed to be NFA’s board member despite his campaign against NFA for overregulation (Greising & Morse, 1991, p.163). Figure 1: William %R Indicator (Source: MSDN Microsoft, 2011) John Templeton started his career as a Wall Street investor in 1958 and laid the foundation of one of the most successful mutual funds. He had varied investment philosophy from ‘buy low and sell high’ to ‘extreme pessimism’ by picking bottom-hitting companies (Joh n Templeton Foundation, 2010). His investment style can be best described as ‘Global Contrarian’ in which the investor can profit from mispricing caused by certain crowd behaviour. His investment decisions were based on fundamental analysis. He was regarded as the greatest stock picker by money magazine in 1999 (Green, 1999). In 2005, he predicted the housing market crash to be within five years (Ruddy, 2005). Investment Background & Performance Larry R. Williams has written dozens of books since 1980 which became best sellers. His credibility was established when he correctly predicted bullish market when others were expecting a slowdown. His trading style relies on the timing tools and indicators that he has personally developed such as Will Go indicator, Ultimate Oscillator, William %R and COT Reports (Commitment of Traders reports). The COT report indicates the activities of commercials, small and large traders. Figure 1 shows a typical COT index of Gold. Figure 2: COT index of Gold (Source: Ireallytrade-b, 2011) Larry Williams also provides educational materials through Trend TV and Larry Williams University. His methods are followed by lot of people who have made money but they are risky too. Therefore Larry Williams himself never give assurance that there will always be profits and never losses. He also does not believe in buy-and-hold policy. From his book ‘How I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’

Harlequin Enterprises case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Harlequin Enterprises case - Essay Example This is because; the firm has faithful fans all around the world. From the statistics and history of the sales, it is evident that due to the tactics that the management used to market their writers, many fans would still buy any book that the company publishes. The strong loyalty that the company enjoys from its audience is enough to put the company back to the top as the leading romance publisher in the world. A successful launch of new titles would need tactics that the enterprise exploited in the past. Since the beginning of the enterprise, it exploited ideas that dealt with the situation at hand. The marketing methods reflected the customer needs, making the firm stay ahead of other publishing competitors. Another key method is changing the titles to match the interest of the audience at the time of publishing. The management moved from producing series to single titles when the need, was necessary (Ivey). This enabled them remain relevant to the audience no matter what direction the customer interest changed to. For good management to succeed, the managers need to be flexible and change according to the requirements of the

Overview to the Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overview to the Markets - Essay Example This paper is a critical evaluation of their trading background, investment style, performance and viewpoints about the stock markets. Market Approach- Philosophy, Methodology and Management Style Larry Williams began to follow markets in 1962 after the Kennedy market crash, realizing that he could have taken the advantage of the crash by taking short position. He has been known as one of the best short-term traders who also had a passion for writing, evident in his published books such as ‘How to Prosper in the Coming Good Years’ and ‘The Secret of Selecting Stocks’(Ireallytrade-a, 2011). He mostly trades in commodities and derivatives and chooses his assets based on their technicals. He has provided various indicators such as Ultimate Oscillator, value measurements and William %R for commodity prices. William %R is a standard momentum indicator and still provided by many websites such MSDN Microsoft and Yahoo Finance (figure 1). In his books titled ‘ Long-term Secrets to Short-term Trading’ and ‘how I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’, Larry Williams has given his insights in commodity trading. In 1987, he won Futures trading World Cup Championship sponsored by Robbins Trading Company but many people considered his winning to be controversial (Strupp, 1999). In 1989 National Futures Association complained that Larry Williams had engaged himself in misleading advertising and lied about his investment record. He was then allowed to be NFA’s board member despite his campaign against NFA for overregulation (Greising & Morse, 1991, p.163). Figure 1: William %R Indicator (Source: MSDN Microsoft, 2011) John Templeton started his career as a Wall Street investor in 1958 and laid the foundation of one of the most successful mutual funds. He had varied investment philosophy from ‘buy low and sell high’ to ‘extreme pessimism’ by picking bottom-hitting companies (Joh n Templeton Foundation, 2010). His investment style can be best described as ‘Global Contrarian’ in which the investor can profit from mispricing caused by certain crowd behaviour. His investment decisions were based on fundamental analysis. He was regarded as the greatest stock picker by money magazine in 1999 (Green, 1999). In 2005, he predicted the housing market crash to be within five years (Ruddy, 2005). Investment Background & Performance Larry R. Williams has written dozens of books since 1980 which became best sellers. His credibility was established when he correctly predicted bullish market when others were expecting a slowdown. His trading style relies on the timing tools and indicators that he has personally developed such as Will Go indicator, Ultimate Oscillator, William %R and COT Reports (Commitment of Traders reports). The COT report indicates the activities of commercials, small and large traders. Figure 1 shows a typical COT index of Gold. Figure 2: COT index of Gold (Source: Ireallytrade-b, 2011) Larry Williams also provides educational materials through Trend TV and Larry Williams University. His methods are followed by lot of people who have made money but they are risky too. Therefore Larry Williams himself never give assurance that there will always be profits and never losses. He also does not believe in buy-and-hold policy. From his book ‘How I made one million dollars last year trading commodities’

Providing quality care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Providing quality care - Essay Example In countless regions in the world, nursing programmes are aimed at increasing proficiencies that assist nurses in handling particular nursing/care needs (Fitzpatrick Kazer 2012, p. 54). This paper will examine some of the behaviours, attitudes, and abilities necessary to become a professional nurse, and some of the elements that are crucial in the nursing field. . The progress witnessed in different regions in terms of healthcare has seen the role of the nurses become a major game changer in the medical field. The nursing fraternity has a framework in which all the actions and duties are reflected that aid in the protection and assistance of all individuals in need of medical care. The ethical and professional behaviours that nursing personnel are meant to exhibit should also reflect the attitude and organizational culture of their respective organizations (Fry & Johstone 2008, p. 37). This is done to make sure that the nursing profession maintains the professionalism and attitude that is needed in catering to the needs of people in society, and the overall good of the medical practice. Nursing requires an individual to have what may be considered the 6Cs, which are; compassion, care, courage, commitment, competence, and communication. They assist nurses to engage positively and professionally with all those meant to be in their care. All these behaviours are crucial in nursing because they assist nurses in understanding their patients and treating them professionally (Goodman & Clenmow 2010, p. 57). Care defines how nurses are meant to carry out their duties. It needs to be constantly and consistently provided at every stage. Compassion is paramount when it comes to understanding the predicament in which their patients are in, and what may be done to assist them. Compassion looks into how care is delivered to those in need. Competence comes into play when a nurse understands and comprehends the nature of the individual in

The Criminal Justice System And Race Criminology Essay

The Criminal Justice System And Race Criminology Essay Conceptions of race within the criminal justice system have always been a controversial issue. Indeed, there is no denying that in terms of prison population ethnic minorities are grossly overrepresented: despite making up only 2% of the total population of Britain, black people still make up 15% of the population of prisons (Ashworth). If one assumes that these statistics represent overt racism within the administration of the criminal justice system then calls for reform and possibility of change will be high, however there has been a tendency to see these statistics as presenting the evidence of an irreconcilable problem, of deeper seated decay within, not just in the lower echelons of the criminal justice system, but society as a whole (Chelitotis and Liebling). If this is so then the answer to whether the criminal justice system can be made to operate equitably in relation to race may require a process of deeper reforms. It is necessary to assess first the query of whether racism exists within the system and if so, to what extent. Bowling argues that there exists an either, or debate; whether the overrepresentation in the prison population is the result of a higher rate of black people committing offences, or, conversely, the result of an accumulation of bias throughout the criminal process. Waters, in his early article Race and the Criminal Justice Process, suggests that the debate can be further defined as those that fall into the legal factors camp, who believe that the reason for differences custodial sentence decisions are legal factors such as severity of offence and previous criminal record (which may in themselves be the result of broader structural and economic factors such as unemployment and poverty) and that these variables quite satisfactorily explain the predominance of black people in prison. One the other hand the extra-legal factors camp argue that over and above the racial discrimin ation experienced in society as a whole, black people receive unfair and inferior treatment by virtue of the ethnicity at the hands of a predominantly white justice system.Oxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com The research conducted by Hood would seem to suggest that there are in existence some extra legal factors and therefore discrimination in sentencing. Hood found that after samples had been matched on variables predictive of custodial sentences (e.g. seriousness of offence, previous convictions, employment, and other pre-sentence report findings) there was a 5% greater chance of being handed a custodial sentence if you were black, and that this difference (which also resulted in black defendants being sentenced for 3 months longer and Asians 9 months longer where a not guilty plea was entered). However Ashworth highlights the fact that Hoods research does not account for the fact that more black people enter guilty pleas, choose to come to the crown court where sentences given are often harsher and may disproportionately become involved in more serious crime. Thus the study is not conclusive that there does not exist a whole host of other factors why ethnic minorities may come to be w ithin the system in the first place. Indeed, Von Hirsch and Roberts in their reflections on the Hood study highlight the problems inherent in the assumption of a level playing field of the variables chosen. For example, with employment: there is evidence that black people suffer from disadvantage in the labour market, so to take this into account when sentencing would amount to an indirect form of discrimination. Thus there are clearly deeper roots of discrimination which cumulatively result in the discrepancies seen. Chelitotis and Liebling argue that differences in levels and patterns of offending may result from a vicious crime circle of stereotyping black people as more crime prone. This leads to over-policing ethnic minority neighbourhoods, thereby drawing more ethnic minorities into the criminal justice net, consequently extending their criminal records and meaning they are more likely to be sentenced severely. They are also therefore more likely to be re-targeted by the polic e, resulting, again, in increasingly punitive sentencing when they are reconvicted. Thus it would seem the problem is not merely in the overt form of discrimination, but exists throughout the system, perhaps even worsening the lower the visibility level becomes. One only needs to take a look at the stop and search statistics to see this borne out, black people being 6.5 times more likely to be stopped and Oxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com ), leading to s comment that ethnic minorities are over policed and under protected. However, once again the picture is not so clear cut; it can be argued that what the figures actually represent is differences in the type of crime committed, with ethnic minorities being more involved in street crime such as drug offences and therefore more likely to be stopped and searched in suspicion of such relatively visible activity. This is further exacerbated by social and demographic factors and by differences in work and leisure life which mean that not only are minorities in greater numbers in areas and at times where searches occur, but that more searches occur in the urban areas in which they live, in which unemployment and social deprivation are high (. Nevertheless the wide discretion accorded to police in such cases means that the prevalence of minority groups in the figures suggests some form of racism. searched than white people, and Asians twice as likely (Home Office 2005),given that the majority ofthese initial stops do not lead to anyfurther action(87%), it would seemto suggest that this is merely evidence of discriminatoryracial profilingand stereotyping.Whilst the basis of such actions is of s1 ofPACE (which permits police to stop and search with onlyreasonable suspicion)and s60 CJPOA (which permits searches without suspicion where seriousviolence is anticipated or to searchfor weapons), andtherefore essentiallylegal, its exercise can be seen as targeted (Quinton), leading to Reiners comment that ethnic minorities are over policed and under protected.However,once again the picture is not so clear cut;it can be argued that what the figures actually represent is differences in the type of crime committed,withethnic minorities being more involved in street crime such as drug offencesand thereforemore likely to be stopped and searched in suspicion of suchrelatively visibleactivit y. This is further exacerbated by social and demographicfactors and by differences in work and leisure life which mean thatnot only are minorities in greater numbers in areas and at times where searches occur, butthatmore searches occur in the urban areas in which they live, in whichunemploymentand social deprivation are high (Philips). Nevertheless the widediscretion accorded to police in such cases means that the prevalenceofminority groups in the figures suggests some formof racism. Indeed, the Macpherson Inquiry into the Stephen Lawrence affair was elucidatory on the existenceof institutional racism within the police system,defined byMacphersonas the collective failure of an organisation to providean appropriateand professionalservice to people because of their colour,culture or ethnic origin, it can be seen detected in the processes, attitudes andbehaviour which amountto unwitting prejudice, ignorance,thoughtlessnessand racist stereotypingwhich disadvantages ethnic minorities and thereforewould accountfor the disproportionate representation ofblacks in the systemand for the high level of racist incidents detected (police recorded racistincidents have increased dramatically from4,383 incidents in 1988 to 52,694 in2004-Home Office). WhilstLeahighlights that Macphersons discussion oninstitutional racismfails to locate with sufficientprecision its roots within thestructure of operational policy and the relationship between policeand minority Oxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com too asserts that institutional racism does exist, and that it stems not only from the occupational culture of the police and the particular forms of contact they have with ethnic minorities, but also from the belief that they are dangerous classes. Stopping and searching therefore represents a form of generalised surveillance of those who they believe to have little political capital. In these ways Lea argues that racism does arise from the normal functioning of the police system, a sentiment that was echoed by a comment from the Director General of the Prison Service 2001 when he said that the prison is an institutionally racist institution which reflects an institutionally racist white society(). communities,Leatoo asserts that institutional racismdoes exist,and that itstems notonly from the occupational culture of the police and the particularforms of contact theyhave with ethnic minorities, but also fromthe belief thatthey are dangerous classes.Stopping andsearching therefore represents aformof generalised surveillance of those who they believe to have little politicalcapital. In these ways Lea argues that racism does arisefrom the normalfunctioning of the police system, a sentiment that was echoed by a commentfrom the Director General of the Prison Service 2001 when he said that theprison is an institutionally racist institution which reflects an institutionally racistwhite society(Lea). Thus it can be seen that a complex interplay of socio-economic, demographic,institutional, structuraland culturalfactors, alongside direct and indirect racialdiscrimination (Philips) are responsiblefor the overrepresentation anddiscriminatory outcomes evident in the system.Edgar and Martinconcur,suggesting that in the context ofdiscussion on discriminatory treatment withinprisons, the experiences of ethnic minorities should be see in the context ofexpectations which might have arisen fromcontact with other criminal justiceagencies. Further,Wacquentnotes that prison confines groups endowed with negative symbolic capital, and that their stigmatisation constitutes part oftherelationship between the confined and thosein authority. Just as the prison,heargues, may mirror external macro-socialtrends, so too can it lead to theirexistence by stigmatising and curtailing the life chances of ethnic minoritiesfurther. Thus once again,discrimination can be seen to be adeep-seatedissue, and one wh ich is not necessarily adequately addressed by combatingthe administration of the laws.Waters, in his article, expresses the need todistinguish between concepts ofequality and equity.Indeed, it can be seenthat equality between treatment of black and white offenders does notnecessarily equate tofairness or appropriateness, and we should strive forjustice rather than equality per se in recognition that society is notequal. This is acomparative exercise where quality meansthatsameness is notnecessarily desirable,and justice may demand some differentiation on groundsof race in order to treat all people equitably(Pinder). For example, in relation tothe employment point above, recognising the inequalities in the labour market Oxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com notes, the challenge for the criminal justice system is to discover at what point negotiated differentiation becomes an imposed discrimination. We need to distinguish between notions of process and outcome; justice and fairness in the way laws are administered does not necessarily make them fair in and of themselves. Thus, there exists discrimination on a broad level within the criminal justice system, which needs to be recognised and addressed at the decision-making level. As advocates, it is necessary to address both the administration of the system with regard to race, but also the policies themselves, and what is necessary to ensure that treatment throughout the system is fair. and therefore not unduly discriminating against those who are unemployed during sentencing may help to furtherfairness overall. As Van Dykenotes, thechallenge for the criminal justice system is to discover at what point negotiateddifferentiation becomes an imposed discrimination.We need to distinguishbetween notionsofprocess and outcome; justice and fairness in the way laws are administered does not necessarily make themfair inandof themselves.Thus,there exists discrimination on a broad levelwithin the criminal justicesystem,which needs to be recognised andaddressed at the decision-making level. As Von Hirschadvocates, it is necessary to address both theadministration of the system withregard to race,but also the policiesthemselves, and what is necessary to ensure that treatment throughout thesystem is fair. The fact of the matter, however, is that ethnic minorities do notcare whatreasonsunderpinthe discrimination they are suffering, whether it be due tobroader socio-economic factors or whether it issues directly from the personthey are dealingwith (Waters). The result is a lack of legitimacy in their eyes,attributed to the criminal justice system as a whole, resulting in blackdefendants being more likely to pleadnot guilty and to optfor the Crown court(Von Hirsch),thus furtherincreasingtheir propensity to be sentencedseverely. The problem becomes perpetual:if the justice system is viewed asinequitable it will breed defianceamong those who feel they are not beingtreated fairly, resulting in afurtherhike in the overrepresentation ofethnicminorities within the system. If the system is to made to operate equitably in relation to race it will require a tall order of reforms. Whilst direct and institutional racism can be addressed by ethnic minority recruitment drives within the police force, and racial awareness trainingfor all criminal justiceofficials, the broadersocial-economic issues will require change in politicaland social policy(Hood and Shute). Whatis clearis that race is a covertissue;a difficult problem to attemptto address as so few are willing toacknowledge its existenceoutright(Bosworth). Thus perhaps most pertinentwould be to increase awareness of the prevalenceofbroaderforms of indirectdiscrimination and social inequality and to attempt to keep these concerns in Oxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com mind so that decisions at all stages can, at least as much as is possible, be made equitably.

Key Prepartions For College Life Essay -- essays research papers

In today’s society it is important to receive a college education to join the workforce. However, the transition from high school to college can be a very intimidating experience for many students. To make the college transition less frightening, students can take several precautions while still in high school. These precautions include participating in extracurricular activities, taking challenging courses, as well as developing good time management skills. Participation in extracurricular activities is important in succeeding in a college environment because it helps students to explore their interests and talents. Challenging courses also benefit students because they help to prepare students academically for the demanding workload found in college. Time management is yet another important skill to have because it will help students to manage their time between academics and socialization Participation in extracurricular activities is a great resource for students to grow as individuals. Students have many opportunities to choose from when participating in extracurricular activities. The most common opportunities for participation in extracurricular activities are found in schools, communities, and religious organizations. The most accessible extracurricular activities to students are those that are school related. School sponsored extracurricular activities include sports, student clubs, and musical organizations. Community organizations are also popular among students, and serve as great extracurricular opportunities. Communal extracurricular activities include awareness groups, focus groups, and reform groups. Although not as popular as school or community organizations, religious organizations also serve as a strong ingredient for extracurricular opportunities. Religious related organizations consist of faith groups, retreat groups, and study groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Besides participating in extracurricular activities to belong to a specific group, students can also volunteer for community service. Community service teaches students responsibility, helps to build strong friendship bonds, and helps to make important business contacts. Students are taught responsibility when performing community service because they are no longer thinking about themselves. The students’ priorities are however, now to help those whom they are doing this se... ...llege. Being involved in extracurricular activities in high school will help students find their niche in college extracurricular activities. By taking challenging courses in high school, the students’ academic transition to college will be easier. However, the most important skill to possess is in good time management because it will help students to distribute their time between recreation, and academics. Even though it is important to take several precautions before attending college, the student also has to be prepared mentally for this new venture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This assignment was worthwhile for me because after completing this assignment I now realize how I can be successful in college. However, the only problem for me now is to apply these â€Å"precautions† into my daily routine. One problem I had with this assignment was starting it. Whenever I write, I always have problems brainstorming my ideas even though I often use an outline. Another problem that I had in this first assignment was expanding my thoughts about main point into two paragraphs. When I normally write, I am used to summarizing each idea or main point in one paragraph rather than two or three.

Trapped by the Views of Others Essay -- Comparative, Howells, Gilman,

In the stories of Editha, The Story of An Hour and The Yellow Wallpaper the realism technique of writing is demonstrated by the omission of fixed, idealistic endings of stories that aren’t realistic. The authors incorporate their characters’ lack of freedom and tragic endings in these stories, which in turn leads readers to experience a realistic conclusion as opposed to an idealistic one. Editha written by William Dean Howells, is a short story of a young woman’s naà ¯ve views about war and heroic love. Editha foolishly wants her fiancà ©e George, to prove his love for her and believes that going to war would be â€Å"the completion of her ideal of him† (p 372). She views love as an act that must be established by a heroic deed as the author states, â€Å"if he could do something worthy to have won her—be a hero, her hero—it would be even better than if he had done it before asking her; it would be grander† (p 372). George’s view on war is much different than Editha’s; he knows that war causes much pain and suffering as his own father lost his arm in the Civil War. When Editha cleverly persuades George to enlist, he loses his freedom as he states, â€Å"I know you always have the highest idea. When I differ from you, I ought to doubt myself† (p 373). At this point George has given up his liberty to follow his own beliefs, he further states, â€Å"There is a sort of fascination in it. I suppose that at the bottom of his heart every man would like at times to have his courage tested; to see how he would act† (p 373). As the story unfolds, George goes off to war only to meet his untimely death during his first skirmish. The ending of this tale is one of realism as opposed to an idealistic one. The ideal ending would have been one in which Georg... ...peration as she finds comfort in the yellow wallpaper. The story ends with the narrator completely going crazy. Her husband unlocks the bedroom door only to find her creeping around in a room full of ripped yellow wallpaper and he faints. The ending of this tale is also one of realism as opposed to an idealistic one. The ideal ending would have been if John would have been wise enough to seek help for his wife as opposed to ignoring her condition due to the fact that he could not acknowledge his inability to help her. In conclusion these stories exhibit three characters’ lack freedom compelled by human nature that one has the right to impose their ideals on others. The tragic endings of these stories demonstrate realistic endings of that time frame. One can only assume that the endings of these stories would be more idealistic in these contemporary times.

Apple Inc. and Mary Kay Cosmetics

P29 Q1 1. The marketing channel for Mary Kay cosmetics is called a direct selling channel. The company user a sales force of over 1000000 Independent Beauty Consultants around the world. These consultants are not employees of Mary Kay Corporation; they buy cosmetics from the company at a wholesale price and sell to end-users at a retail price. They maintain personal relationships with their end-user consumers and deliver product to them after it is ordered; it is a high-service purchasing relationship from the consumer’s point of view. Consultants thus act as both distributors and retailers. a. To what extent does an Independent Beauty Consultant participate in the eight universal marketing flows? b. How might these flows be shifted, either among the members now in the channel or to different agencies or institutions not presently included? What do you think would be the implications of such shifts? (think about how cosmetics are sold through department stores or through drugstore chains, for example. ) c. Within each of these distribution systems, specify the consumer’s role from a flow-absorption perspective. Contrast this with the consumer’s role when buying cosmetics from a department store or a drugstore chain. P64 Q1,2,3 2. For each of the three scenarios below, categorize the demand for bulk-breaking spatial convenience, waiting/ delivery time, and assortment/ variety as high, medium, or low. In each case, explain your answers. a. A woman in an emerging-market country of Southeast Asia wishes to buy some cosmetics for herself. She has never done so before and is not entirely sure of the occasions on which she will wear the cosmetics. She does not live near a big city. She is too poor to own a car but has a bit of extra money for a small luxury. b. A manufacturer uses a particular industrial chemical in one of its large-scale production processes and needs to buy more of the chemical. The rest of the raw materials for its plant operations are delivered in a just-in-time fashion. c. Before you visit certain parts of the world, you are required to get a yellow fever vaccine. Many travelers let this slip until the last minute, forgetting that it is advisable (or avoiding an unpleasant shot as long as possible). But they definitely realize they need the shot, and they do not want to have to cancel their trip at the last minute because they did not get it. They often find themselves making a long trip to a reginal medical center because trhey did not plan ahead. 3. For the three scenarios in Question 1, describe a marketing channel that would meet the target end-user’s demands for service outputs. 4. Describe three different buying situations with which you are familiar and the SODs of the buyers in each one. Do you think the SODs being supplied are close to those being demanded? Why or why not? P. 103 Q4 5. Explain how the shopping characteristics for the following consumer and industrial goods affect the channels for them: CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRIAL GOODS Bread Laser printer toner cartridges Breakfast cereal Uranium for nuclear power plants Women’s hosiery Cement Refrigerators Medical machinery(e. g. , ultrasound machines) P. 150 Q5 6. Apple, as a computer company, has struggles over the years with the assortment problem. Company-owned Apple stores offered only Apple computers. Although management liked having control of the assortment, customers wanted side-by-side comparisons with other brands, eventually driving Apple to close many of its own stores. Apple also has had difficulty influencing how independent computer outlets stock and display its products. Apple is now using the success of its music downloading systems (iPod and variations) to compose larger assortments-and is reopening company-owned stores. Is this a good idea? What, if anything, would you recommend to Apple as an alternative strategy to improve its products’ coverage and sales? P192(4) 7. A manufacturer is in the habit of offering liberal payment terms to distributors: They can pay anytime within 45days of receipt of the merchandise. The manufacturer currently has a band line of credit to cover accounts receivable and pays an interest rate (prime+1%) on the balance on loan from the bank. One of the manufacturer’s key distributors offers to pay for shipments by immediate bank funds transfer upon receipt of merchandise if the manufacturer will reduce the price by 1%. Does this offer close a gap? If so, what sort (demand side, supply side, what flow)? P238 Q6 8. You are the owner/manager of an auto dealership in Germany selling the Audi line. Your dealership is exclusive to Audi; you have invested heavily to build the dealership; and your contract is such that, if you decide to sell your dealership, Audi has the right to approve or disapprove any buyer you might find. What is the balance of power in your relationship? What sort of working relationship are you likely to have with your supplier? What could your supplier do to ensure you do not become alienated?

Ethical and Psychological Egoism Essay

At first glance the theories of ethical egoism and psychological egoism may seem to be very similar, but in fact they differ greatly with respect to their status as making prescriptive or descriptive claims. Ethical egoism is a consequentialist ethical theory that argues each individual should seek to do what is solely in his or her self-interest, and in this fashion it makes a prescriptive claim. Moseley (2006) describes it in this way: â€Å"it is always moral to promote one’s own good, and it is never moral not to promote it. † Similarly, Rand (1964) defines it with respect to selfishness: â€Å"The attack on ‘selfishness’ is an attack on man’s self-esteem; to surrender one is to surrender the other† (p. 7). Therefore, for example, when facing the moral question of whether or not to buy Fairtrade coffee, ethical egoism dictates that the individual should not necessarily think about the employees who pick the beans in Columbia, but should instead consider whether or not buying Fairtrade will give that individual a good image, improve his or her own context, etc. In its strong version, ethical egoism asserts that it is always morally correct to seek one’s own good and never moral to not seek the same, whereas the weak version argues for the former, but not the latter. In this respect, according to strong ethical egoism, I should buy Fairtrade coffee only because of how it benefits me and the thought of benefit for any other person should not even be a consideration. The weak theory, however, still insists I buy the coffee because it benefits me, but it will not necessary condemn me if I also consider the benefit my purchase may bring to Columbian workers for their own sakes. Psychological egoism, in contrast to ethical egoism, is a purely descriptive theory in that it attempts to describe the way in which humans function: it claims the â€Å"fact† that every individual’s actions are driven solely by self-interested ends. However, in this descriptive theory there lies a problematic fallacy. Once one accepts the premise of psychological egoism, namely that everything an individual does is out of concern for self-interest, it is impossible to offer any counter-examples to the theory. For example, if I am a captain of a ship and have decided my crew is planning a mutiny against me, every action that the crew does, whether hostile or simply unimportant, will be interpreted by me as supporting my mutiny hypothesis. In other words, the theory of psychological egoism is simply non-falsifiable. A further difference between ethical egoism and psychological egoism is the doctrine of motivation that undergirds each. Because psychological egoism is merely a descriptive theory, it draws its motivation from nature, or simply â€Å"the way things are†. In this respect, a philosopher like Hobbes (1651) can argue for his contract theory of the state in order to thwart the natural inclinations of humanity to kill one another. His starting assumption is that the state of nature serves as the foundation or motivation for psychological egoism. On the other hand, ethical egoism as a prescriptive theory derives its motivation from the desires of the individual to maximize his or her own self-interests. Self-interest does not mean selfishness, per se, insofar as selfishness pushes for the maximization of individual gains without consideration of others. Rather self-interest may have a communal aspect which allows for achievement of personal goods that, though directed toward the benefit of the individual, may in fact correspond with achievement of goods for others (see footnote 1). Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan. Forgotten Books ebook. Retrieved from http://www. forgottenbooks. org Moseley, A/ (2006) Egoism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www. cep. utm. edu/e/egoism. htm Rand, A. (1964) The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Signet, 1970

The Reliability and Validity of Measurements

Measurement error is easily identified using measures of reliability. In the abstract sense, reliability is described as a matter of whether a particular technique, used repeatedly towards a similar subject, would supply the same result for every measurement event. The measure of reliability is the measure of the random errors in a measurement. Consequently, the more reliable the measurement is, the less would be the random error in it (Rubin and Babbie, 2004, p. 182). Rubin and Babbie (2004) mentioned that reliability does not guarantee accuracy.For example, if two measurement apparatus are not synchronized or standardized to each other, they might still reflect the same measurement, but the other apparatus might have been adjusted to some extent in order to confirm with the result of the measurement of the other apparatus (). Validity on the other hand is defined as the extent to which an empirical measure satisfactorily represents the real meaning of the variable being measured. T here is actually no basis to determine the adequacy of the measure. Comparison and agreement to pre-existing terms or concepts is done to accept the validity or not (Rubin and Babbie, 2004, p.186).Reliability is not a qualification to conclude that the measurement done is valid. We may say that the measured values, especially in quantitative research, are precise, but not accurate. There are also cases that the resulting measurements are accurate to some level, but are imprecise. In the worst case would be that the measurements are imprecise and inaccurate. Because of this, a certain tension exists, whether to choose reliability over validity, or the other way around (Rubin and Babbie, 2004, p. 198).Of course, the target would be to collect both valid and reliable data, and this can be obtained by being strict to the implementation of the procedures for measurement: being thoughtful and less sloppy. The difference between the two is that reliability requires fewer variables, and the refore less validity, vice versa. This kind of relationship is still in conflict (Martin, 2005). We could say therefore, that a measurement is valid even if it is not a reliable measurement, since the way to prove the reliability is the repeatability and reproducibility of the results.Also, the requirement to strengthen the validity is to consider many relevant variables and to get near to the exact value, while on reliability, there is no requirement for such (Martin, 2005). References Martin, Rogel L. (2005). Reliability vs. Validity. Retrieved August 29, 2008, from http://www. businessweek. com/innovate/content/sep2005/id20050929_872877. htm Rubin, Allen and Earl R. Babbie. (2004). Research Methods for Social Work. Retrieved August 29, 2008, from http://books. google. com. ph/books? id=eAdbEn-yZbcC

HR Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HR Management - Essay Example In the case of human resource management in the hospitality industry, it is necessary to take into account the vulnerability of hospitality employment across the globe. This causes it to be subject to regulation in areas such as miminum wages (Lucas 2003). The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) indicates that the tourism and hospitality industry is an important employment sector in both developed and developing countries. It provides over 230 million jobs, or 8.7 percent of jobs worldwide. However, there are concerns pertaining to the type of employment experience within the sector, with pessimistic views of human resource management practice based on nature of the labour market and the reliance on â€Å"marginal† workers (Nickson 2007). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to critically review the notion that the management of human resources in the hospitality industry differs from other industries. ... volvement and participation schemes, and in union work places including negotiations between management and union representatives over decisions affecting the employment contract (Bratton & Gold 2001). Human resource management is an organizational core competency, it has a unique capability that creates high value and distinguishes an organization from competitors â€Å"in areas such as productivity, quality/ service, employee skills, and innovative changes† (Mathis & Jackson 2010: 31). Human resource management uses human capital, which is the collective value of the capability, knowledge, skills, life experiences and motivation of an organizational workforce. The responsibilities of human resource personnel can be grouped as â€Å"strategic human resource management; equal employment opportunity; staffing; talent management; compensation and benefits; health, safety, and security; and employee and labour relations. Human resource management is a vital part of organizationa l culture and plays a significant role by impacting human values, competitive advantages and global cultures. Key outcomes include increased productivity and fulfillment of organizational social responsibility. Human Resource Management in the Hospitality Industry â€Å"Different economic, social, legal and political factors create particular cultures and diverse employment systems† (Lucas 2003: 1). Membership of hospitality industry employees in trade unions is low, though in some countries collective agreements cover all workers. The approach towards providing good quality service is improving human resource practices. This debate is underscored by a number of theories of human resource management which form a framework for the strategies employed by tourism and hospitality organizations. It is

Discussions question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussions question - Essay Example zational structures leads to duties being performed effectively within the organization because there are proper guidelines to do so; proper communication channels and the leaders exercise both authority and power. When an organization has properly working organizational structure, it means that their needs and requirements are properly addressed, they have enough motivation, their work is appreciated and they are heard and their opinions and suggestions sought after (by having a proper working communication channel). This will reduce significantly employee turnover (Madura, 2007). A proper and working organizational structure will increase customer loyalty and even increase the clientele base hence ensuring that employees always have work and their future and job security is ascertained. Organizational structures have clearly defined roles and responsibilities and hence ensure that there is avoidance of role disambiguation and confusion which renders most employees redundant if that happens and hence providing a likelihood of being

Defining the Evolution of Duties Among Social Workers Essay

Defining the Evolution of Duties Among Social Workers - Essay Example As the essay declares the changes which are made through the social welfare system change levels of accountability as well as legal approaches taken to working with others. The alterations made through each of these continue to evolve, specifically because of cases associated with rights as well as actions taken for or against social workers. Examining the various roles and how these have altered in recent years for social workers then creates a deeper understanding toward the current expectations of those within the social justice system. According to the report findings the professional mix which is created for those working as a professional social worker continues to alter because of regulations and policies which are implemented. The alterations are specific to finding innovative ways and measures of working with other professionals as well as with the duties which are expected by workers. It is noted that there are dual roles which are carried by social workers. The first is to the interest of the social work, specifically with the judicial and legal roles as well as the expected duties which need to be performed in relation to the judicial system. The second role is based on meeting the client needs and expectations while assisting with the social and personal values that are expected among social workers. The duties then become based on making ethical decisions that best serve the interests of both roles while developing a sense of value neutrality toward both sides to ensure that the correct human rights and a lternative goals are met. (Dolgoff, Loewenberg, Harrington,2012). The modernist approach which is taken is further defined because it is a state mediated profession within the statutory sector. The result is that there is a set of discrete behaviors that are performed within the profession and which are expected to match with the state regulations that are performed. This is followed with the professional treatment model. This shows that as long as one is able to follow the state expectations, there is not difficulty in meeting the agenda of the state and in regulating specific aspects of the judicial system (Brayne, Carr, 2010: 57). Even if there is a sense that a client needs a different aspect relating to a case, a sense of subordination begins to appear, specifically to begin to change and alter the way that the social workers look at the organization and expectations which appear. Structural and ideological changes, modernization agendas with New Labor and Human Rights Acts and other legalities change the entire structure of the social work and the professional duties, creating alterations with the code of ethics, performance and the restrictive use of Fair Access to Care Services. These dilemmas are then created by asking professional social workers to continue to meet the agenda, demands and judicial duties within the social worker system (Harris, White, 2009: 132). The changing government regulations then meet with the expectations for codes of ethics that are defined for social workers. It is noted that there are two sets of ethics that are defined among social workers, including principle based and virtue based. The principle based comes with the judicial system, specifically which identifies each social act creating expectations and alterations to those that are going through the justice system. The judicial system regulates concepts such as human

Digital Equity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Digital Equity - Assignment Example For this reason, the provision of free laptops or home computers has a little help in reducing the academic gap between the haves and the have-nots. From a research conducted by Pew, students in rural areas spend up to $80 per month on internet connection while those in the urban areas spend $36 per month. Although these figures might be small for the rich, the poor cannot afford such expensive connection. Consequently, they have limited access to information, class notes, and often late with their assignment completion and submission. The solution for educational gap does not depend on internet access but rather on the educational policies. The government should introduce a program to ensure that each student has equal access to educational materials regardless of their financial status. Your assertion that technology is an important instrument in facilitating the access to educational material and a communication tool where educators can distribute learning material to the student is compelling. In addition, your acknowledgment that limited access to the internet due to high connection prices provides the reality of the matter as it affects the poor students. Finally, the proposal you make to ensure all students complete and submit their assignment on time shows a high level of consideration. Specifically, this is because you have considered the situation of various students within the society and offered a solution that can help in improving their academic